William weds Kate as billions watch _ and hope

By PAISLEY DODDS
Associated Press

LONDON (AP) — With not one but two kisses and tender whispered words, Prince William and Kate Middleton smiled and blushed Friday as they started their life as future king and queen. A day of seamless pageantry inspired hopes that this royal couple might live happily ever after.

They appeared at ease throughout their wedding day, with William fighting back giggles at times, while Kate’s smile lit up television screens, especially when her new husband leaned over to say, “You look beautiful.”

Their intimacy stood in sharp contrast to the lack of chemistry between a wooden Prince Charles and Diana Spencer 30 years ago when they began a marriage that ultimately collapsed in embarrassing tabloid headlines and turned many Britons against the monarchy.

A million people lined the procession route from Westminster Abbey to Buckingham Palace, many crying with joy. Cheers went up as the couple exchanged the traditional kiss on the balcony, followed by chants of “One more kiss!” The couple waved and smiled and, to a frenzy of delight, obliged.

An estimated 2 billion people tuned into the live broadcast in what may have been the most-viewed event in history.

The security operation was the largest since Charles and Diana’s 1981 wedding, and the day went off without a hitch. Police dispersed scattered protests from anti-monarchists and anarchists and arrested 55 people for offenses including drunkenness, breach of peace, and theft, but the mood was overwhelmingly celebratory.

“Everybody’s happy, everybody’s united,” said 61-year-old Sabry Darwish, who was in the crowd watching the parade route. “Everybody is behind the bride and groom.”

Many praised the couple’s rare combination of humility, humor and grace. Kate was a commoner from a wealthy but middle-class family who actually worked for a living after university; William has long had his mother’s touch in connecting to the public, and surprised fans who slept on the pavement overnight by personally thanking them Thursday for braving the cold.

The 28-year-old prince even displayed a quality almost never seen among royalty: humor. Surveying the 1,900 guests filling the abbey in their wedding finery, he turned to his father-in-law, Michael Middleton, and quipped: “We’re supposed to have just a small family affair.”

Then after a reception at Buckingham Palace, he took his new wife for a spin, driving a dark-blue Aston Martin Volante festooned with ribbons, bows and balloons – and a license plate that read “JU5T WED.”

It was the kind of display that made some wonder whether the couple just might bring the British monarchy back from the abyss.

“It’s a real turning point for the royal family,” Nicki Hookings, 47, said at one of thousands of street parties across Britain to celebrate the national holiday.

For much of the world, the wedding was a dramatic reaffirmation of 29-year-old Kate’s beguiling star power. Despite the pressure, she carried the day with an easy smile, youthful exuberance and a sense of decorum that matched the event. And when it was over all over, she curtsied easily before Queen Elizabeth II, comfortably sharing the stage with the woman who has reigned since 1952.

Crowds from Australia to Zimbabwe clasped Union Jack flags and donned hats – and wedding gowns – to show their enthusiasm.

“It’s one happy event in the world right now,” said San Francisco attorney Laura Claster, who traveled to London to be with the crowds. “It gives us a day of celebration to forget the troubles in the world.”

In a statement, the White House offered congratulations. “On this occasion, the American people extend heartfelt congratulations to the peoples of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth and share in their hopes for a bright future for the Royal couple.”

The day was a visual feast for fashion enthusiasts. Guests wore extravagant hats, some costing more than 1,000 pounds ($1,600), but all eyes were on the bride’s dress, the best-kept secret of the day.

The ivory-and-white satin gown, with its dramatic neckline, sheer lace sleeves and eight-foot train, was designed by Sarah Burton at Alexander McQueen and reminded some of the wedding dress worn by a princess from another era, the late Grace Kelly of Monaco.

Kate wore her hair down and pulled back from her face, covered with a lace-edged veil and a diamond tiara on loan from the queen. Her dramatic oak-leaf-shaped diamond earrings were a gift from her parents.

William, second-in-line to the throne after his father, wore the scarlet tunic of an Irish Guards officer, reinforcing his image as a dedicated military man. Maid of honor Pippa Middleton wore a simple column dress, while best man Prince Harry chose formal military attire.

The sighting of the wedding gown prompted swoons of admiration as Kate stepped out of a Rolls-Royce with her father at the abbey. Against all odds, at that moment the sun broke through the steely gray skies.

The long aisle leading to the altar was lined with maple and hornbeam trees as light streamed in through the high arched windows. The soft green foliage framed the couple against a red carpet as they recited their vows flawlessly before Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams.

After a ceremonial drive around London in an open-topped horse-drawn carriage, the couple appeared with the queen and their wedding party on the balcony of Buckingham Palace, where the highly anticipated first – and second – kisses brought screams of delight from the crowd.

It was then that photographers from around the world captured one of the day’s most memorable images: As the couple locked lips, 3-year-old bridesmaid Grace van Cutsem held her hands over her ears and scowled as she tried to block the sound of Royal Air Force planes screaming overhead.

Earlier in the day, the queen had bestowed upon the couple their first royal wedding present: the titles of the duke and duchess of Cambridge.

There has been speculation that William, his popularity only enhanced by his new wife, should step ahead of his father to become the next king. Many consider the 62-year-old Prince Charles stuffy and disconnected from ordinary people.

But that’s unlikely to happen. Many in Charles’ inner circle say he’s waited too long to step aside – even for his son.

In Bucklebury, the sprawling village where Kate grew up 50 miles (80 kilometers) west of London, jubilant crowds filled the streets to celebrate the hometown girl who could be queen. Some of its residents were at the wedding, including the town butcher and baker.

“These are two young people very much in love,” butcher Martin Fidler said outside the abbey.

John Haley, owner of the Old Boot Inn who knows the bride from her visits to the pub in the nearby village of Stanford Dingley, said he teared up as he caught her eye during the ceremony.

“It was unbelievable,” he said. “It was just fabulous and more than I expected.”

The palace was holding two parties: one in the afternoon for 650 guests, and a dinner dance for 300 close friends.

Arriving for the latter, Kate pronounced it a “great day.”

“I am glad the weather held off,” she said, appearing radiant in a strapless white satin evening gown with a circle skirt and diamante embroidered detail around the waist, another Sarah Burton creation.

Ben Fogle, a friend of the couple and television presenter, said the mood was relaxed during afternoon festivities at Buckingham Palace with “very funny and heartfelt speeches.”

The flag went down as the queen and her husband left the palace for the younger royals to party the night away – and for Harry to make his best man’s speech away from his grandparents’ ears.

It was rumored that Harry planned a “British fry-up” breakfast for those still standing at dawn.

The couple has been living in a modest house in Wales near the base where William serves as an Air Force search and rescue helicopter pilot, and will continue to do so after their honeymoon, which remains shrouded in secrecy. The prince “really is one of us,” said Sgt. Keith Best, a paramedic on William’s team.

—

Associated Press writers Aaron Edwards, Cassandra Vinograd, David Stringer, Toby Goode and Fergus Bell in London contributed to this report.

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Witness: Inside the abbey: garden party to hushed service

(Reuters) – It was almost like being at two weddings for guests at the marriage service of Britain’s Prince William and long-term girlfriend Kate Middleton.

When we entered Westminster Abbey — ushered in through cool, quiet cloisters that felt a million miles away from the noisy crowds we knew were gathered outside — those members of the press lucky enough to have an admission card met a surprising sight.

Most of us expected to see row upon row of formally dressed guests, sitting quietly in their seats, waiting patiently for the ceremony to start.

Instead, the atmosphere was like a garden party. Groups of guests chatted in the aisles, surrounded by huge trees taken from the royal gardens which made the center of the abbey feel more like a French boulevard than a church.

Light glittered off rows of chandeliers and off enormous stained glass windows. It was surprisingly warm.

I had expected a building that has witnessed royal coronations for nearly a thousand years to be chilly, drafty – even damp. Instead, the air felt soft and cozy.

We walked along the plush red carpet that Kate and William would later tread as husband and wife.

Everyone chatted amiably. William and Kate’s friends and family mingled with a broad range of guests that included royalty from around the world, global celebrities like Elton John and David Beckham, and shopkeepers from Middleton’s hometown.

I met the partner of one of Middleton’s uncles as we queued for the bathroom.

“The word surreal doesn’t begin to describe it,” Leah Lowinger said.

INSULATED

We were all strangely cocooned in the abbey. Only during pauses in the music could you hear the faint cheer of the crowd or the distant peal of the abbey’s bells. There were no Union Jacks, no waving crowds, just a sea of colorful hats.

Only one screen in the abbey — that closest to where we journalists were seated in Poets’ Corner — was showing the goings-on outside, and the ambassadors and foreign dignitaries seated near us craned their heads for a peek.

Like most people, we — and they — could barely see anything of what was happening in the abbey until the service began when the other screens, which until then showed a still picture of flowers, began broadcasting the service.

Guests peered out from between feathers, scrolls and hat brims to try to see what was going on.

As soon as Prince William arrived, the mood shifted. The informal atmosphere gave way to one of intense seriousness — it was almost as though the entire room was holding its breath.

The abbey became still and silent. The sweet, fresh scent of lilies of the valley, planted in containers throughout the abbey, wafted through the air.

Suddenly everyone was much more restrained. Even the singing felt cautious — although I gamely tried my best with the hymns.

There was no chatter, no real moments of levity. It all felt incredibly grand, but also a little somber — perhaps because it was so hard to see or hear the couple, or because of the formality of the occasion.

Although I have been to many weddings in churches, this was the most overtly religious and formal of any I have attended, and this gave it a strangely impersonal air. Or maybe that stems from not knowing the couple and being with hundreds of others in a similar position.

Robbed of much of the ability to see the couple or speakers directly, and with no end-of-service kiss or drama, it will be the smell of the flowers — and the fabulous, goosepimple-inducing fanfares that I will remember most.

As one guest said as we were leaving the Abbey: “As a country we do know how to do ceremonies.”

(Editing by Paul Casciato)

Hair Transplant for Prince William?

Q:

Dr. Mohebi, this may seem like an unusual question, but I’ve been hearing a lot about Prince William’s hair loss and wondered if you wouldn’t mind letting me know what treatment option(s) you’d recommend. Rogaine? Propecia? Hair transplant surgery, and if so, how many grafts?

Thanks so much!

A:

Prince William is a class IV hair loss in Norwood classification with significant thinning on the top area that indicate he will be heading toward class VI if he does not use any treatment for his hair loss.  Looking at Prince William pictures, you can see that he has had the initial signs of hair loss in his early twenties that is typical for Caucasian hair loss.

Although you may argue that wearing the crown will eventually cover the balding areas on the top, he may still have a few more viable options.  Prince William needs to be on some sort of medical treatment, either Propecia or Rogaine, to minimize his hair loss or at least to prevent or slow further thinning.  He should also consider a hair transplant surgery to reinforce his hairline and add density to his corners.  Restoring his crown balding spot will be the next priority and I think if his donor quality is good all of those goals could be achieved in one session.

I think with one hair transplant he can eliminate the appearance of balding while he might need another procedures to thicken up the frontal density and add more to the volume of top and the crown area.

http://ushairrestoration.com/

Grauman’s Chinese Theatre to be sold to movie producers

Distracted Driving: How Bad Are Texting or Cellphones Behind the Wheel?

By CHRIS CUOMO (@ChrisCuomo) AND BETH MULLEN

There are probably few people who are surprised to hear cellphones and driving don’t mix — but do you believe it’s true for you?

Maybe not. Some safety advocates say we are in a national state of denial about the dangers posed by using a cellphone behind the wheel. According to distracted-driving expert David Strayer, Ph.D., a cellphone might as well be a bottle of beer. “What we’re seeing in terms of the crash risk when you’re texting or talking on the phone is that [it] is comparable to driving when you’re drunk at a .08 blood alcohol level,” he said.

Watch the full story on “20/20″ Friday at 10 p.m. ET.

Drivers aren’t the only problem. Some safety advocates accuse car makers of adding distractions to new cars.

U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood told ABC News, “You also can’t drive safely if you’re trying to download your Facebook in an automobile. You can’t drive safely when you’re trying to adjust your GPS. You can’t drive safely with all the technology that car companies are now trying to put in automobiles. These technologies, I believe, are a distraction.”

How distracting is technology behind the wheel? Take our quiz!

LaHood said he has met with car manufacturers and has told them they have to be part of the solution to distracted driving.

The U.S. Department of Transportation’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is studying the impact of vehicle cellphone use on driving performance. The study, expected to cost $1.75 million, will examine behaviors of 150 drivers in vehicles equipped with high-tech sensors that will collect data for about a month.

The results will be evaluated to see which type of cellphone interface causes the greatest decrease in driving performance. In addition, the study should shed some light on cognitive distraction, because it will evaluate handheld cellphone use versus hands-free use. The research is expected to be completed by 2012.

Distracted Driving Hits Home

Sontiana Brandts was a typical teenager from Minnesota. She admitted she used to text and drive all the time. She was confident of her multitasking ability. “I would drive with my knees and shoot a text,” she said.

But one Saturday morning in January 2007, that confidence cost her.

She was driving her younger brother Andre and texting with a friend at the same time. She was so distracted that she drove right off the road. The van rolled, and Sontiana was thrown out onto the frozen road.

Andre was badly injured but managed to crawl to her side to keep her warm. The memory still brings tears to Sontiana’s eyes. He would recover quickly, but she was in a coma for weeks. She woke up to a shocking new reality.

“It’s kind of weird,” Sontiana said, “because I went to sleep one way, and I woke up a different way.”

Skyrocketing Gas Prices: Commuters Turn to Alternatives to Save Money

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Could Gas Prices Reach $6 a Gallon?

From coast to coast, in big cities and small towns, gas prices keep going up and up.

President Obama announced Thursday the Justice Department is putting together a team to investigate possible fraud or price manipulation in the oil market.

In Reno, Nev., prices are already averaging more than $4 a gallon – the highest in the state. The price of fuel has risen to a nearly three-year high.

Drivers are not happy and President Obama told a crowd here, the government is going to go after anybody who gouges.

“We’re going to make sure that nobody’s taking advantage of American consumers for their own short-term gains,” Obama said.

Some drivers are even joining forces to help fight those rising prices like in Seattle. Commuters are trying something a little strange called “slugging.” It’s essentially legal hitchhiking.

They meet up, get a free ride in a stranger’s car and the driver gets to speed through traffic by having an extra passenger so they can go in the carpool lane.

Gas prices in Chicago are among the highest in the nation and more drivers are looking for relief here in smaller, fuel efficient cars.

For top seller Hyundai Elantra, sales are up 72 percent over last year.

Pain Doesn’t End in the Streets

But there’s just no escaping these painful gas prices, even in the air. The airlines say for every penny per gallon fuel goes up, they lose a $175 million a year.

Rising prices are decimating their profits, which means higher ticket prices and added fees for travelers.

A Car that Doesn’t Use Gas?

More people are looking to hybrid and fully electric cars.

The all-electric Nissan Leaf won a prestigious award this week. Named “World Car of the Year” at the New York Auto Show, the Leaf has no exhaust pipe, no pollution, no fuel cap door and no ignition key.

After tax incentives, it can cost as little as $20,000 and goes 100 miles on an overnight charge – enough to handle the average American roundtrip commute of 35 miles.

“All of the statistics tell us that it is around 70 to 75 percent of daily journeys are less than 50 miles a day,” said Nissan Marketing Chief Brian Carolin. “The range that this car will give you, even if the air conditioner is on or the heater is on, it will easily get you back and forth to work on a charge.”

Nissan concedes it’s not a car for everyone, but Justin McNaughton, who bought one of the first Leafs to hit the road last December, says it works for him.

“Just takes two seconds at home to operate at night and in the morning it is charged. I go about my day. It is hardly ever below 89 percent charged,” said McNaughton. “When I get home, plug it in again and don’t think about it.”

McNaughton said he’s never had a close call and uses it every day, and figures charging adds only about $15 a month to his electric bill or about the cost of 4 gallons of gas.

“I haven’t bought gas since December of 2010..I don’t even know what the price of gas is!” McNaughton said.

ABC News’ David Kerley, Neal Karlinsky, Barbara Pinto, Yunji DeNies and Leezel Tanglao contributed to this report.

Why gas is so expensive, when oil isn’t

By Steve Hargreaves, senior write

NEW YORK (CNNMoney) — Gasoline prices have been rising for months and are within striking distance of their 2008 all-time high of $4.11 a gallon. But while oil prices are above $100 a barrel, they’re still 24% below their 2008 all-time high.

So why is gasoline so expensive, when oil is so far off its record price?

The answer is that the price of oil Americans see every day has little to do with the price of gasoline at the pump.

Those prices are for a particular type of oil — West Texas Intermediate — that’s stored in Cushing, Okla.

Thanks to increasing supplies from the Rocky Mountain states and Canada’s oil sands, plus a lack of pipelines to move that oil out, there’s currently a big glut of oil in Cushing. That’s pushing the price of West Texas crude down.

Prices for most other types of oil, which make up the vast majority of oil that refiners use in U.S. gasoline, are much higher than West Texas Intermediate. London’s Brent crude, for example, was closer to $124 a barrel on Wednesday.

“It’s really a broken benchmark,” Tom Kloza, chief oil analyst at the Oil Price Information Service, said of the West Texas price.

Also, it’s important to remember that oil and gasoline prices don’t move in lockstep with one another. Gas prices lag behind oil prices by a couple of weeks.

During the oil price spike of 2008, gas prices were still trying to catch up as oil prices had already started falling.

That put refiners in a tight spot.

“[Refiners] couldn’t sell their product for as much as crude was increasing,” Rayola Dougher, a senior economic advisor for the American Petroleum Institute. “People lost money.”

Kloza, who crunches numbers for motorist group AAA, agrees. “Crude went up,” in 2008, he said, “but gas prices did not follow.”

The difference between what refiners pay for a gallon of oil now and how much a gallon of gas sells for — excluding taxes — is about 78 cents, said Dougher.

That’s slightly higher than normal, but not terribly so, said Dougher.

That’s little consolation to drivers, who can expect the price of gas to continue rising. Gas prices have jumped 29 cents over the past 29 days to a nationwide average of $3.84 a gallon, according to AAA.

سرطان

بیماری‌ای است که در آن سلول‌های بدن در یک تومور بدخیم به طور غیر عادی تقسیم و تکثیر می‌شوند و بافت‌های سالم را نابود می‌کنند. سلول‌های سرطانی از سازوکارهای عادی تقسیم و رشد سلول‌ها جدا می‌افتند. علت دقیق این پدیده نامشخص است ولی احتمال دارد عوامل ژنتیکی یا عوامل بیرونی هم‌چون ویروس و مواد سرطانزا موثر باشد.^[۲] در یک جاندار سالم، همیشه بین میزان تقسیم سلول، مرگ سلولی و تمایز، یک تعادل وجود دارد.

سرطان شامل همه انواع تومورهای بدخیم می‌شود که در پزشکی آنها را بیشتر با نام نئوپلاسم می‌شناسند.

احتمال بروز سرطان در سنین مختلف وجود دارد ولی احتمال بروز سرطان با افزایش سن زیاد می‌شود سرطان باعث ۱۳٪ مرگ‌ها است بر طبق گزارش انجمن بهداشت آمریکا ۷٫۶ میلیون نفر بر اثر سرطان و در سال ۲۰۰۷ مرده‌اند سرطان تنها ویژه انسان نیست و همه جانوران و گیاهان پرسلولی نیز ممکن است به سرطان دچار شوند.

تکثیر بی رویه سلول‌ها در سرطان

سرنوشت سلول‌ها کاملاً کنترل شده‌است و براساس نیازهای بدن می‌باشد. در جنین میزان تکثیر سلول‌ها بیشتر از مرگ سلولی است اما در جاندار بالغ میزان مرگ سلولی و تقسیم سلولی به تعادل می‌رسد. سرنوشت سلول در هر زمان، به طور کاملاً دقیق، بوسیله فاکتورهای رشد، پیام‌های محیطی و برخی پروتئین‌ها و پیامبرهای سلولی، کنترل می‌شود. جهش‌هایی که منجر به تغییر هر یک از فاکتورهای موثر در سرنوشت سلول، می‌شوند باعث بهم خوردن نظم دقیقی که در تنظیم رشد و تکثیر و تمایز سلول هاوجود دارد می‌شود و می‌تواند منجر به بروز سرطان شود. سلول‌های سرطانی کنترل خود را بر چرخه سلولی از دست داده و به طور مداوم و بدون توجه به پیام‌های سلولی و فاکتورهای رشد، به تکثیر ادامه می‌دهند. در سلول‌های سرطانی بیان پروتئین‌های سلولی تغییر کرده و برخی از آنها که نباید بیان شوند بیان شده و یا بیان برخی دیگر از ژن‌ها متوقف می‌شوند. به طور کلی فاکتورهایی که نقص در آنها منجر به از دست رفتن کنترل رشد و تکثیر سلول‌ها و بروز سرطان می‌شوند به دو دسته تقسیم می‌شوند: انکوپروتئین‌ها و پروتئین‌های سرکوبگر تومور.

همه‌گیرشناسی

در سال ۲۰۰۰ ده میلیون مورد جدید سرطان و شش میلیون مورد مرگ وابسته به سرطان در دنیا به ثبت رسید. در آمریکا هر سال در حدود یک و نیم میلیون نفر برای نخستین بار متوجه می‌شوند که به نوعی سرطان مبتلا شده‌اند. بر اساس آمار سرطان باعث مرگ ۵۵۶۰۰۰ نفر در سال ۲۰۰۳ شد که برابر مرگ روزانه ۱۵۰۰ نفر می‌باشد و فقط مرگ ناشی از بیماری‌های قلبی و عروقی دارای شیوعی بیش از آن است . شایع‌ترین تومورها در مردان سرطان‌های پروستات، ریه و روده بزرگ می‌باشند و در زنان پستان، ریه و روده بزرگ هستند. سرطان‌های ریه، پستان، پروستات و روده بزرگ علت بیش از ۵۰ درصد سرطان‌های تشخیص داده شده و نیز مرگ ناشی از سرطان را در آمریکا را شامل می‌شوند . در طول ۵۰ سال گذشته میزان کلی مرگ وابسته سن ناشی از سرطان به طور قابل توجهی در مردان افزایش یافته در حالی که این نسبت در زنان کمی کاهش یافته است. این افزایش در مردان بیشتر به علت سرطان ریه می‌باشد ولی بهبود این نسبت را در زنان را می‌توان به کاهش واضح میزان مرگ و میر ناشی از سرطان‌های رحم، معده، کبد و از همه مهمتر سرطان گردن رحم در زنان مرتبط دانست^[

تفاوت‌های بارزی در میزان وقوع و مرگ و میر ناشی از انواع سرطان در سرتاسر دنیا وجود دارد. برای مثال میزان مرگ ناشی از سرطان معده در ژاپن ۷ تا ۸ برابر آمریکا است درمقابل میزان مرگ و میر ناشی از سرطان ریه در آمریکا کمی بیش از ۲ برابر ژاپن است. مرگ و میر ناشی از سرطان پوست که بسشتر به علت ملانوم بدخیم می‌باشد در نیوزلند ۶ برابر شایع تر ایسلند است که مهمترین علت آن تفاوت در معرض نور خورشید قرار گرفتن (یا نقص لایه ازن) می‌باشد.

سبب‌ شناسی

عوامل محیطی

عوامل محیطی در همه جا وجود دارند: آنها در محیط اطراف ما، در مکان کار، در غذا و … یافت می‌شوند.از عوامل محیطی که در ایجاد سلول‌های سرطانی نقش دارند می‌توان آلودگی، دخانیات، مواد غذایی، الکل، برخی پرتوها و نیز رشد و تکثیر ویروس‌ها را نام برد که زیر مفصل تر بحث می‌شود:

• آلودگی: نقش آلودگی در ایجاد سرطان هنوز مشخص نیست، با این وجود گمان می‌رود که آلودگی‌های شیمیایی احتمال جهش سلول‌ها را افزایش داده و می‌توانند موجب گسترش سرطان در بدن شوند. آزبست، ونیل کلراید و ۲-نفتیل آمین مثال‌های از آلودگی‌های صنعتی هستند.
• دخانیات: مصرف دخانیات در ایجاد سرطان در مجاری تنفسی نقش اساسی دارد. ۹۰٪ ابتلا به سرطان ریه به دلیل کشیدن سیگار رخ می‌دهد. سیگار کشیدن مهمترین عامل محیطی منفرد در وقوع مرگ زودرس در آمریگا می‌باشد^[

• مواد غذایی: مصرف الکل در ابتلا به سرطان‌های دهان (به غیر از لب)، حنجره، مری و به دلیل ایجاد سیروز الکلی احتمال بروز سرطان کبد را بالا می‌برد.

• پرتوها: برخی از پرتوها همچون پرتوهای فرابنفش خورشید موجب سرطان‌هایی چون سرطان پوست می‌شوند.

• عفونت‌های باکتریایی و یا ویروسی: برخی سرطان‌ها همچون سرطان گردن رحم به علت عفونت‌های ویروسی (ویروس پاپیلومای انسانی) بروز می‌کنند. . میزان خطر سرطان گردن رحم به سن اولین مقاربت و تعداد شریک‌های جنسی وابسته‌است.از دیگر ویروس‌ها می‌توان به ویروس ابشتین بار که در ایجاد شکل آفریقایی لنفوم بورکیت، لنفوم سلول بی در افراد با ایمنی سرکوب شده، لنفوم هوجکین و سرطان نازوفارنکس نقش دارد. ویروس هپاتیت بی و ویروس هپاتیت سی که در ایجاد سرطان کبد نقش دارند. از باکتری‌ها نیز می‌توان به هلیکوباکتر پیلوری اشاره کرد که با سرطان معده و لنفوم معده درارتباط است.

عوامل ژنتیکی

وجود سابقه سرطان بین اعضای نزدیک خانواده احتمال دچار شدن به سرطان را افزایش می‌دهد. وجود جهش در برخی ژن‌ها (که به آنها آنکوژن و ژن‌های سرکوبگر تومور می‌گویند، باعث بروز سرطان می‌شود.

ژن‌درمانی

در ژن‌درمانی سرطان از اولیگونوکلئوتید‌ها استفاده می‌شود. نمونه‌ای از این روش برای جلوگیری از ساخته شدن پروتئین پی‌جی‌پی برای خارج نشدن داروهای ضدّسرطان از سلول‌ها می‌باشد.

عوامل ایمنولوژیک

(ایمنی)

نارسایی مکانیسم ایمنی طبیعی بدن عاملی مستعد کننده در ایجاد سرطان ریه شناخته شده‌است.

سن

افزایش سن احتمال دچار شدن به برخی سرطانها را به شدت افزایش می‌دهد. اغلب سرطان‌ها در سنین حدود ۵۵ سال یا بیشتر از آن رخ می‌دهند. سرطان علت اصلی مرگ در میان زنان ۴۰ تا ۷۹ سال و مردان ۶۰ تا ۷۶ سال است. سرطان کودکان کمتر از ۱۵ سال را نیز دچار می‌کند. سرطان علت بیش از ۱۰ درصد موارد مرگ و میر در این گروه سنی در آمریکا می‌باشد. لوسمی حاد (نوعی سرطان خون) و سرطان‌های دستگاه عصبی مرکزی حدود ۶۰ درصد مرگ و میرها را در این سن باعث می‌شوند.

پیشگیری

برخی از روشهای کلی مانند عدم استعمال دخانیات، مصرف غذای سالم، پرهیز از عوامل تراتوژن (برخی مواد شیمیایی صنعتی مانند آزبست، اشعه یونیزان مانند کار در رادیولوژی، نور آفتاب و …) در پیشگیری از سرطان موثرند.

روش‌های درمان

روشهای اصلی درمان سرطان عبارتند از:

• شیمی درمانی
• پرتو درمانی
• جراحی

البته روشهای زیر نیز گاه در درمان سرطان به کار رفته‌اند:

• ژن درمانی
• آنتی‌انجیوجنسیس
• هایپرترمیا
• درمان بیولوژیکی یا ایمونولوژیک : که مشتمل بر بازسازی، تحریک، هدایت و تقویت سیستم طبیعی دفاعی بدن بیمار است و با بکارگیری آنتی بادی و هدایت سیستم دفاعی خود بیمار جهت مبارزه با سرطان روی می‌دهد. بکارگیری عواملی مانند اینترفرون، سلول‌هایی که فعالیت ضدتوموری مستقیم دارند، و پادتن‌های تک‌تیره رشد سرطان را کاهش می‌دهد.
• درمان فوتودینامیک (بکارگیری رنگ و نور): در این شیوه رنگ به داخل یک رگ تزریق و سپس در تمام بدن منتشر می‌شود. پس از چند روز، این رنگ تنها در سلولهای بدخیم باقی می‌ماند. سپس نور قرمز رنگ لیزری به سلول تابانده می‌شود و رنگ درون سلول سرطانی این نور را جذب می‌کند. این امر منجر به واکنش فوتوشیمیایی که ویرانگر سلول‌ها است می‌شود.
• سوزاندن ضایعه بدخیم با اشعه لیزر: در برخی موارد ضایعه بدخیم سرطان ریه منجر به مسدود شدن خشکنای می‌شود. در چنین موردی پزشک با سوزاندن ضایعه بدخیم با اشعه لیزر راه عبور هوا را برای بیمار باز می‌کند. این روش به گونه کامل نمی‌تواند منجر به ازبین بردن ضایعه بدخیم شود ولی کمکی است جهت آسان شدن تنفس در بیمار.

فیزیوتراپی در سرطان Physical Therapy in Cancer

سرطان یک بیماری عمومی است و می‌تواند علائم بسیاری از بیماریهای دیگر را که سرطان نبستند تقلید کند و وقتی که تشخیص سرطان داده شد آنوقت هر چه در بیمار اتفاق می افتد به سرطان نسبت داده می‌شود. چه بسیار بیماری هایی که در سرطانی وجود داشته و قابل معالجه بوده است و در اتوپی تشخیص داده شده است و اصولا علت مرگ عوارض غیر قابل درمان نبوده است. باید به این گونه بیماری‌های همراه توجه دقیق داشت درمان این عوارض گاهی سبب شده که بیمار مدتها زندگی راحتی داشته باشد. تشخیص به موقع این گونه عوارض کمک فوق العاده‌ای به بیمار می‌کند.

عوارض بیوشیمی سرطان: هیپرکلسمی، هیپوکلسمی، هیپوناترمی، کمبود پتاسیم، زیاد بودن پتاسیم، بالا بودن اسید اوریک، هیپر تیروئیدیسم، هیپرلپیدمی، هیپوگلیسمی، بالا رفتن آمیلاز سرم، اختلالات تغذیه و آب و الکترولیت

عوارض بالینی سرطان: سیستم قلب و عروق، سیستم تنفسی، سیستم ادراری، ضعف عضلانی، درد شدید، استئوپروز

عوارض جراحی در سرطان:برحسب محل جراحی این عوارض بسیار متنوع و متفاوت است.

عوارض شیمی درمانی، دارو درمانی و رادیو تراپی در سرطان:عوارض گوارشی، استئوپروز،، آتروفی عضلانی و عوارض دیگر

فیزیوتراپیست :دارای دانش فیزیولوژی و پاتوفیزیولوژی حرکت، دید کلی نگر(Holistic)، همچنین قابلیت بکار گیری درمان‌های غیر دارویی و برنامه ریزی توانبخشی است که این مجموعه دانش فیزیوتراپی نامیده می‌شود.

اهداف فیزیوتراپی در سرطان:

• کاهش عوارض بیماری سرطان

• کاهش عوارض درمان‌های سرطان

• راه اندازی و متحرک نگاه داشتن بیمار(کاهش عوارض بستری)

• حفظ استقلال بیمار

• کاهش درد بیمار

فیزیوتراپی با متدلوژی خاص خود می‌تواند نقش مراقبتی و حمایتی مناسبی برای بیماران سرطانی بو جود آورد.یک اصل کلی در فیزیوتراپی سرطان این است :بیمار تا آخرین لحظه زندگی بروی پای خود بایستد.

نزاری ناشی از سرطان

بیماران سرطانی به طور شایع دچار از دست دادن شدید چربی بدن و توده بدون چربی بدن و به دنبال آن ضعف شدید، بی‌اشتهایی و کم‌خونی می‌شوند. این نشانگان تحلیل‌برنده نزاری نامیده می‌شود. علت اصلی نَزاری سرطان مشخص نیست با این حال شکی نیست که نزاری به علت نیازهای تغذیه‌ای تومور ایجاد نمی‌شود. پژوهش‌های اخیر نشان می‌دهد که کاشکسی در نتیجه عواملی مثل سیتوکین‌های تولید شده توسط تومور و میزبان در پاسخ به تومور به وجود می‌آید

منابع

Bijan Pakzad

Bijan dresses some of the world’s most powerful men: President of the United States Barack Obama, former President of the United States George W. Bush, Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger, American actor Tom Cruise, German TV host Thomas Gottschalk, British actor Sir Anthony Hopkins, President of Russia Vladimir Putin, U.S. Senator John Kerry, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair, Paul Allen, Jay Leno, Giorgio Armani, Usher, Carlos Slim Helu, Steve Wynn, Oscar de la Renta, Tom Ford, Shahram Nazeri and U.S. President Ronald Reagan have all been dressed by Bijan. Bijan’s fragrances for both men and women are known for their distinctive circular glass flacon with an open center and a dividing web. When half full, the fragrance fills two separate chambers, seemingly defying the law of gravity that liquid seeks its own level. One of these perfume bottles is featured in the permanent exhibit of the Smithsonian Institution. According to the 2001 Los Angeles Times Calendar Section, the Bijan Perfume and Fashion Business has brought in an estimated $4 billion in sales worldwide.

Alireza Amirgassemi said:

In loving memory of Bijan Pakzad ,
Saturday, April 30,2011 at the UCLA Royce Hall at 5:30 pm. To attend please register via email:
info@bijanmemorial.com
each email has to include; the name , phone number, & the address of the requester.
There will be 2 tickets per each email address. (The first 1000 people will receive tickets)
No Cameras are allowed at the Royce Hall

Analysis: Google’s Page and Wall Street: Who needs who?

By Alexei Oreskovic

(Reuters) – It took fewer than 400 words for freshman Google Inc CEO Larry Page to set the tone for a strained relationship with Wall Street that could haunt him for years.

The 38-year-old tech visionary — who with Sergey Brin created the algorithm that today powers the world’s most-used search engine — risks alienating a powerful investor constituency that will be crucial to his efforts to ensure Google remains at the top of its game, say some industry observers.

Investors had hoped to hear Page sketch out his vision during a Thursday post-earnings conference call. Instead, Page came on the line for a few minutes, expressed his optimism in the company, then signed off without entertaining questions on a stunning 54 percent cost spike.

Wall Street promptly responded by selling the stock down more than 8 percent on Friday, wiping out $15 billion in value — devaluing Page’s own holdings in the company — and setting a record for the biggest single-day decline since December 2008.

Of course, there are plenty of CEOs who do not pander to Wall Street, including Apple Inc’s Steve Jobs. But RCM Capital Management portfolio manager Walt Price said even the Silicon Valley icon tackles shareholder concerns head on.

“He hits them head on and he hits them on a competitive basis. He talks about why he’s superior to Android and other tablets,” Price said. “That’s probably a better model than saying I’m enthusiastic about the outlook and departing.”

“Maybe (Google) doesn’t want to talk about it, but their multiple is going to go down until they do,” Price said. “Larry Page’s vision would be a good place to start, and I think people are worried that Facebook is a giant sucking sound on the valuation of Google and the future of Google.”

The cold shoulder to investors seems in character for Page, who is famously averse to media appearances and has a long-professed commitment to long-term goals rather than to the short-term results Wall Street is known to crave.

The fact that Google generates billions of dollars in cash gives Page a fair degree of independence, since he does not need to raise money on Wall Street, said Daniel Niles, senior portfolio manager of Alpha One Capital Partners, a hedge fund that has a position in Google shares.

Still, as Page seeks to revamp Google and fend off growing threats from Facebook and Apple, critics say he will need to get along better with Wall Street.

In a rare downgrade of Google’s stock, Citi analyst Mark Mahaney cited the “token appearance” by Page as being among the negative points from the company’s quarter.

“We would have wanted Larry to stick around for Q&A,” Mahaney wrote in a note to investors on Friday.

THE PRICE OF IGNORANCE

Ignoring Wall Street exacted an immediate toll on Google’s share price, which represents an increasingly important weapon for Google.

“In some sense the stock price determines the morale of the employees. So you do need to care of the stock price or you’re going to lose your employees,” Price said.

With Google having lost a string of key executives and engineers to Facebook, Twitter and other rivals, retaining talent is a key priority — particularly for a company whose main currency is its people.

Last year, the company announced it would give a 10 percent pay raise to all its employees, hoping to staunch a flow of prime talent to Facebook, which had the edge in terms of an upcoming IPO that might just turn its top employees into multi-millionaires.

Of course, the fact that Google is being led by a CEO eager to invest in long-term projects represents a benefit that can serve as its own lure for many engineers.

Shareholders have long griped about Google’s relationship with investors. The company offers no financial guidance and does not break out results for of its various business units, including mobile and display advertising. In recent years, Google even stopped briefing analysts in person at its Mountain View, California, headquarters.

But some say Google’s need to boost its Silicon Valley credibility need not come at the expense of Wall Street bragging rights.

“Longer term it doesn’t build any kind of support from the analysts. It’s an asset. Your reputation is always an asset. And when you do stuff like this you damage the reputation. You’re wasting an asset in a sense,” said James Post, a professor at Boston University School of Management.

“If you insult the party asking the questions, all you do is piss them off for the long term and then they’re not going to cut Google any slack six months from now, or a year from now.”

(Editing by Ken Li, Bernard Orr and Maureen Bavdek)